Sains Malaysiana 53(7)(2024): 1575-1587

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5307-08

Rice Response to Spermine Foliar Application and Its Association with Aerial Imagery Monitoring Under Water Stress Conditions

(Tindak Balas Padi terhadap Pengaplikasian Foliar Spermin Daun dan Kaitannya dengan Pemantauan Imej Udara dalam Keadaan Tekanan Air)

NUR ZAHIRAH ABD. JALIL¹, ZULKARAMI BERAHIM^1,*, NURUL-IDAYU ZAKARIA¹, MOHAMAD HUSNI OMAR¹, RHUSHALSHAFIRA ROSLE², MOHD RAZI ISMAIL³, NIK NORASMA CHE´YA², ANAS ABDUL LATIFF⁴, WAN FAZILAH FAZLIL ILAHI² & LOLA GANDJAEVA⁵

¹Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

⁵Khorezm Mamun Academy, Urgench State University, Markaz-1, Khiva City, KhorezmRegion, 220900, Uzbekistan

Diserahkan: 4 Julai 2023/Diterima: 29 Mei 2024

Abstract

Rice is the most consumed food in the world, mainly in Asia and Africa. Malaysia is the second-largest rice importer in Southeast Asia after Indonesia. However, rice yield is limited by water stress. One alternative for a quicker strategy to mitigate water stress is through a combination of foliar spermine application and efficient rice management practices via image monitoring techniques using drone technology. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of spermine on rice physiological response and its association with aerial imagery and yield under reproductive during reproductive stage under water stress. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using a two-factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD), with foliar spermine treatment as the first factor and water stress as the second factor. Physiological parameters showed significantly higher tiller number per pot and photosynthesis rate by 29% and 31%, respectively. Correspondingly, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using aerial imagery monitoring showed an increased value in spermine treatments by 2% compared to control. Furthermore, NDVI readings and photosynthetic rate were positively correlated linearly with R²= 0.51. Interestingly, spermine treatments alleviated water stress effects by 40%, 17% and 12% in grain weight per pot, grain number per panicle and percentage filled grain. Biomass partitioning in roots improved by 44% in spermine treatments, even under water stress, due to an efficient translocation of assimilates. In conclusion, spermine foliar application significantly improved growth, grain filling and rice yield production, which was also supported by NDVI values using aerial imagery monitoring.

Keywords: Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); rice; spermine; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); water stress

Abstrak

Nasi adalah makanan utama di seluruh dunia, terutamanya di Asia dan Afrika. Malaysia merupakan pengimport beras kedua terbesar di Asia Tenggara selepas Indonesia. Walau bagaimanapun, penghasilan padi dihadkan oleh tekanan air. Antara alternatif untuk strategi yang lebih cepat bagi mengurangkan tekanan air adalah melaluigabungan semburan foliar spermina dan amalan pengurusan padi yang cekap dengan kaedah teknik pemantauan imej menggunakan teknologi dron. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesan spermina terhadap gerak balas fisiologi padi dan perkaitannya dengan imej udara dan hasil di bawah tekanan air pada peringkat pembiakan. Uji kaji ini telah dijalankan di rumah hijau dengan menggunakan dua faktor dalam Reka Bentuk Blok Lengkap Secara Rawak (RCBD) dengan rawatan foliar spermina sebagai faktor pertama dan tekanan air sebagai faktor kedua. Parameter fisiologi menunjukkan bilangan tiler di setiap pasu dan kadar fotosintesis yang lebih tinggi masing-masing sebanyak 29% dan 31%. Sejajar dengan itu, Indeks Kenormalan Perbezaan Tumbuhan (NDVI) menggunakan pemantauan imej udara menunjukkan peningkatan nilai dalam rawatan spermina sebanyak 2% berbanding kawalan. Tambahan pula, bacaan NDVI dan kadar fotosintesis berkolerasi positif secara linear dengan R²=0.51. Menariknya, rawatan foliar spermina mengurangkan tekanan air sebanyak 40%, 17% dan 12% dalam berat bijisetiap pasu, bilangan biji setiap tangkai dan peratusan biji yang berisi. Pemetakan biojisim dalam akar bertambah sebanyak 44% dalam rawatan foliar spermina disebabkan oleh translokasi asimilasi yang cekap walaupun di bawah tekanan air. Kesimpulannya, semburan foliar spermina telah meningkatkan pertumbuhan, pengisian biji dan pengeluaran hasil padi yang ketara seperti yang disokong oleh nilai NDVI yang menggunakan pemantauan imej dari udara.

Kata kunci: Indeks Kenormalan Perbezaan Tumbuhan (NDVI); Kenderaan Udara Tanpa Pemandu (UAV); padi; spermina; tekanan air

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: zulkerami@upm.edu.my